Make Up Water In Cooling Tower ((hot)) -

M = E + B + D = 15 + 3.75 + 0.1 = 18.85 gpm Rule of thumb: Make-up ≈ 1.5–2.5% of circulation rate for most HVAC towers; higher for industrial (more blowdown). 4. Water Quality Requirements Poor make-up water causes scaling, corrosion, or biological growth.

1. What is Make-Up Water? Make-up water is fresh water added to a cooling tower system to compensate for total water losses. Without it, the system would run dry, lose efficiency, and suffer severe damage. 2. Why is Make-Up Water Needed? Water leaves a cooling tower system in three primary ways: make up water in cooling tower

| Parameter | Ideal Range | Why it matters | |-----------|-------------|----------------| | | 50–400 ppm (as CaCO₃) | Scale formation at high pH/temp | | Total alkalinity | < 400 ppm (as CaCO₃) | Decomposes to CO₂, lowers pH | | pH | 6.5–8.5 | Corrosion <6.5, scaling >8.5 | | Chlorides | < 500 ppm | Pitting corrosion (especially stainless steel) | | Silica | < 150 ppm | Hard, glass-like scale | | TSS | < 50 ppm | Fouling, sediment | | Iron | < 0.5 ppm | Staining, fouling | | Bacteria | No legionella or E. coli | Health risk (Legionnaires' disease) | M = E + B + D = 15 + 3